فصلنامه جغرافیا
پیاپی 68 (بهار 1400)

the drought is the most destructive weather events which cause significant causes both in natural resources sector and human’s life. The aim of this research is to compare the performance of drought’s indexes and determining the best index in the region of southeast of Iran. To this purpose with using 30 year of daily precipitation data (1985-2014) from meteorological organization and with using 8 most widely used indexes such as standard precipitation, rainfall anomalies, percent of normal, annual precipitation, Niche, the standard score, deciles and Chinese Z in 19 meteorological stations of Kerman, Hormozgan and Sistan va baloochestan the accuracy of each indicators examined in determining the drought intensity. Also the zoning has done in arc GIS9.3 for the driest year in the statistical time period and comparing the most severe drought category in 2 selected index. The accuracy of each index analyzed in 2 annual and monthly scales. In annual scale is used the efficient measures of minimum precipitation’s symmetry years with most severe droughts in region’s stations. The results showed that in the monthly scale in order to analyze the southeast drought of the country the dynamic index of standard precipitation (SPI) in a time period of 6 and 12 month had the best function. But in annual scale the rainfalls anomalies indexes (RAI) and Docile (DI) in all the stations had showed the minimum precipitation amounts with severe droughts which determined as the best index. Also the Niche index had the weakest function in determining the drought intensity in southeast of Iran’s stations.

 
چکیده انگلیسی:To understand properly the rural-urban relations in Iran is the manifestation to achieve the processes of change and development. The socio-economic performance of rural and urban settlements in the form of relationships within the framework of the theory of "rent capitalism" indicates the formation of inequalities between these two forms of different settlements. The present study, based on library and field studies, has a descriptive-analytical character and examines the production and supply of handwoven carpets in two dimensions, areal and transareal, with a focus on rural-urban relationships in the Songhar Area, including two cities and 211 rural settlements. The research’s results show the dominance of the “exploitative” nature of rural-urban relations in the overall process of manufacture and trade of carpets.

Geographical researchers provide normative interpretations, of the territorial characteristics of Iran. According to most writings, the amount of precipitation in Iran is less than one-third of the global average. When it comes to the time of precipitation, it is contrasted with the time of water need, and regarding the spatial distribution and pattern of the precipitation, the heterogeneous distribution is considered along with random and flood patterns. Now the question is that whether we are allowed to offer normative interpretations of this situation as scientific researchers, and if there are appropriate strategies that can turn these characteristics into opportunities. The present study has tried to answer these questions by relying on the phenomenological method and analyzing the texts of 50 works by Iranian geographers based on the Janet method along with the use of central core indicators, maximum repetitions, Brust Detection, and centrality of the CiteSpace. The results of the study show that: • Normative loading is not permissible in the field of science for identifying the precipitation characteristics and water resources of Iran; • The climatic characteristics of a region shape its territorial identity, and strategic planning policies should be a function of it; and • Normative analysis of the climatic characteristics of Iran is mostly the product of the dominant positivism of Iranian geographers.

Heavy rains are among the natural hazards that knowledge of their temporal and spatial distribution helps to reduce potential damage. For this purpose, the existence of a significant relationship between widespread precipitation and topographic indices of Alborz mountainous region has been investigated. In this study, Pearson correlation test was used and in this model, the dependent variable of total daily precipitation of the study area (precipitation occurred in more than 70% of synoptic stations in the area) and the independent variable of data related to topographic indicators of the study area (station height Synoptic, station slope and direction, longitude and latitude of the station, distance from the northern baseline, distance from the ridge, average height of the station in a radius of 2.5 km, average height of eight blocks fifty km in eight geographical directions to the center of the synoptic station, height difference Its average is eight blocks from the average height of the station in a radius of 2.5 km). First, the correlation between precipitation (129 days) and topographic indices based on common synoptic stations in three seasons of winter, spring and autumn was identified and then the correlation coefficients with 95% confidence interval at a significance level less than 0.05 were investigated. Each season, a sample day with the highest correlation coefficients in the majority of topographic indices was selected as the representative of that season. The study area, which is the vast Alborz mountain range, has been divided into areas with topographic and climatic similarities due to the complexity of topography and the diversity of its climatic conditions in each area. The highest number of significant statistics in terms of temporal and spatial scale between widespread precipitation with topographic indices is related to widespread precipitation in spring with 18 cases and the lowest is related to widespread precipitation in winter with 9 cases in autumn 14 cases of significant linear relationship have been identified. Among the topographic indices, the strongest index is related to the difference between the average height of blocks 50 km from the average height of the station in a radius of 2.5 km in different directions according to different seasons of the year and Evidence of the effect of direction on inclusive rainfall in the study area and that the area is in a certain direction to receive more rain , meaning that the mass of humid air entering from the northern parts of the country, including Siberian high pressure (Babaei Fini, 1393) due to low altitude and proximity to the ground is affected The surface roughness is located and the mass of moist air entering from the northwestern and western parts of the country, including the western migratory high pressures (Qashqaei, 1375), (Moradi, 1385)) due to higher altitude and more power is less affected by surface roughness. And the region's precipitation is affected by these high-level atmospheric systems. On the other hand, widespread precipitation in the northwestern and south-central Alborz region has the highest and the lowest south-western Alborz region has a significant linear relationship with the values of topographic indices. The results of this study have a significant linear relationship with most topographic indices (22 indices out of 24 Index) with widespread precipitation to be able to estimate and predict the most effective indices affecting precipitation in the region. The two topographic indices for the station and the distance from the ridge did not enter the correlation model on any day and in any area of the study area and did not establish any significant linear relationship, albeit weakly, with the total precipitation of the area.

The preliminary plan of land management in Islamic Iran was considered in the 60's and was approved as the most important law in the five-year plan of the country. This law started from the fourth plan, completed in the fifth plan and continued in the sixth plan, but unfortunately in the geography of provincial elections due to the partisanship of candidates, this law has not yet been implemented in the provincial development document, even the sea in land management law in Iran has been neglected, which is why the ports and islands of Islamic Iran have not been developed. And the geography of elections occasionally makes laws vulnerable. The effects of legislation in the geography of elections, if it is organized, a resistance economy occurs and guarantees 8% growth in the country. So far, this scientific attitude, which is accompanied by a philosophical thinking, has not been developed. Projects are wasted Land use planning as a long-term framework in planning should be based on various principles including defense and security considerations; environmental protection and restoration of natural resources; preservation of Islamic and Iranian identity and protection of cultural heritage; economic efficiency and effectiveness; unity And territorial integrity; expansion of social justice and regional balances; facilitation and regulation of internal and external relations of the country's economy; Be

Nowadays, a majority of cities suffer from shortage of quality spaces for collective living. Undesirable space and lack of identity are among factors which put a higher emphasis on promoting quality of life. Life quality is a multi-aspect and complex category, and this concept has various meaning for different people and groups with respect to time and local conditions. Nowadays, life quality has decreased in various aspects and people′s presence has faded away in urban areas. However, existing population in public spaces is such that we face a large number of population in some spaces. This population is a factor to decrease collective life quality in cities. This population does not have sufficient area and required facilities to do voluntary activities in the area, and consequently less interactions will be hold, resulting in urban areas which have changed into sedentary spaces and without manifesting social life conditions. The major function of cities is facilitating the presence of citizens in urban spaces, collective life has become the victim of automobile comfort. Thus, the study is looking for explaining the position of public spaces in meeting regeneration policies in ineffective contexts such that promoting public spaces provides some conditions to promote people′s life quality in ineffective contexts (historic contexts).

Analysis of the Properties of the earth's surface, which can be influenced by climatic, hydrological, intrinsic properties of formations and neotectonic activities, plays an important role in recognizing the physical Properties of the Watershed. On the other hand, understanding the physical Properties of the Watershed is one of the first steps required in morphological and hydrological studies. This research tries to study the shape of the earth's surface in Fahliyan watershed using morphometric indices. For this purpose, 6 geomorphometric indices, total curvature, profile curvature, surface curvature, TRI index, TPI index and TWI index were selected and using the relationships for each index and using relevant extensions in ArcGis 10/3 software, each map These indicators were prepared. The results of calculating the total curvature show that more than half of the surface of the basin (52.80) has a concave curvature and 47.20 percent of it has convex curvature. Also, the lower and upper limits for curvature of the surface were -2.99 and 3.96 respectively and for the curvature of the profile were -4.87 and 4.2 respectively. Accordingly, the lower and upper limit of the TPI index, which divides the mode of nodule and bulge, was calculated as <-4.2 and >, respectively. The values of the TRI index, which are somewhat different from the height of one pixel with their adjacent eight pixels, were calculated from 0 to >14. And finally TWI index values that indicate the soil moisture condition in the order of <-1.5 to >5.5 calculated. The percentage of the area of each of these indicators in the Watershed, which was obtained in the results of this study, can be used in various watershed planning including erosion and sediment, Landform Classifcation, identifying and introducing areas involved with landslide hazard, flood studies, studying and studying resources Groundwater and… to be used.

NTRODUCTION: 

In recent years, Wellness tourism has grown considerably and this is due to spread of various diseases as a result of job stress, life stress, and unhealthy lifestyle. Hence, people try to pay more attention to health and tend to be more likely to prevent diseases and strive to improve their health through various ways, such as travel with the aim of health. Therefore, it can be said that today health tourism has become a trend of travel. In this regard, the city of Sareyn And the surrounding villages in Ardebil Province has a high potential for promoting Wellness tourism. This research has three major  purposes (1) to identifying the potential of Wellness tourism in Sareyn;(2) to investigate the domestic tourists tendency towards Wellness tourism activities in Sareyn; and(3) to prioritize the Wellness tourism activities from the domestic tourists’ perspective 2.

METHODOLOGY:

The research methodology is qualitative – quantitative and in the first step the statistical population are experts. The data was gathered through an interview form with snowball sampling method and lastly the data was analyzed using coding(open and axial coding) methods. In the second step in order to investigate the domestic tourists tendency towards wellness tourism activities a questionnaire(on a 5-point Likert Scale) was designed and the tourists filled in the forms. The data was evaluated through one sample t- test and Friedman tests. 3.CONCLUSION The results of this research illustrated that the Sareyn has a high potential for promoting wellness tourism and tourists have a high tendency towards wellness tourism activities, and activities such as nature sightseeing, nature tourism, clean air; mineral water springs, spa springs and hydrotherapy and hiking in nature, climbing and hiking in plain are their priorities for wellness tourism. The development of health tourism in the rapid geographical area leads to more interaction between rural and urban centers and through the expansion of rural-urban flows (including the flow of people, goods, capital, information and technology), to bilateral relations and finally, to rural-urban links. To lead. This trend, over time, in turn, leads to the dynamism of rural and urban spaces and creates more opportunities for business activities in the tourism industry and improves socio-economic conditions.

One of the most important solutions for reducing the capacity of metropolises and solving their problems is building new towns. An Important factor in attracting people to new towns is providing higher housing quality than the mother city and generally, a better quality of the living environment. This paper explores the relationship between satisfaction with subjective indicators of quality of life in residential complexes based on architectural design properties. The main goal is to achieve the optimal design criteria for residential complexes based on satisfaction with the subjective indicators of residents. First, the research model is designed based on the relationship between subjective indicators and architectural components, and resident's characteristics. In evaluating the structural model, first, the factor load of different variables of the questionnaire in predicting the relevant items examined to ensure the suitability of measurement models and the acceptability of their markers in measuring variables. The research method is using the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) technique and AMOS software. A questionnaire survey was distributed among occupants of some residential complexes in the three new cities of Andisheh, Parand, and Pardis. The results show that among the evaluated indicators, security has the highest satisfaction. Residents do not feel a sense of belonging despite satisfaction with objective indicators. Physical factors as façade design and landscape design have relatively low satisfaction. Residents' social relationship is weak, the most important factor in terms of design is the lack of spaces for social interactions.

Developments in various fields have led to the emergence of new topics in the field of study in urban areas as spatial-geographic phenomena. Although cities have already had a prominent place in the past, changes in power and levels of power have increased the role of subordinate actors that have shaped geopolitical debates on cities. The purpose of this paper is to understand and understand the general history, philosophical nature, reason, and definitions of urban geopolitics as a new and expanding issue. Therefore, in this paper for analyzing the information, content analysis method has been used. By examining the history of the formation of the city's geopolitical concept and its existing definitions, it became clear that the concept and nature of urban geopolitics are not well defined, as is necessary and desirable. Thus, the authors consider the geopolitical philosophical nature of the city to be the geographic resources of power, with emphasis on the city, the space of cities and their sphere of influence, and its relations at the levels (local, national, regional, global). The results of the general survey of urban geopolitical conceptualizations in the researches show that proper conceptualization of urban geopolitics is not necessary. Based on this, one can consider urban geopolitics in terms of four dimensions (location, actors, function, and discourse).

Water fluctuations in recent years have caused great damage to agriculture and rural communities.In the last decade, the approach to dealing with natural disasters has given way to coping with them.In fact, resilience has given way to vulnerability.The purpose of this study is to evaluate the socio-economic resilience of villages in Saman watershed (Markazi province) in water fluctuations in recent years (2016-2006). The type of research is applied and in terms of descriptive-survey nature. The statistical population is households living in 6 villages of Saman watershed.Using Cochran's formula, the required number of samples to complete the questionnaire of 110 households was obtained.Validity and reliability were calculated as 0.84.In order to measure socio-economic resilience, heads of households were evaluated.Compilation of indicators for measuring the social and economic components of human settlements against water fluctuations was developed based on the concept of resilience.After collecting the data in the form of a field questionnaire and using spatial analysis tools and capabilities of statistical software and GIS was assessed. Findings indicate that the resilience of villages is not in an acceptable stateAmong the two dimensions of resilience, economic dimension factors with the lowest average and social dimension factors with the average had the most impact on rural resilience.According to the real mean t-test, the general opinion of the respondents is less than 3 and down to the average.Saman and Yaryabad villages have been more resilient in the economic dimension of water fluctuations.In the social sector, the averages were approximately close to each other and the highest social resilience was in the villages of Chaharhad, Yaryabad and VarkbarOlya. which received above average 3.In total, the two socio-economic resilience indices of the villages did not achieve an average of 3, which indicates the low resilience of the range.

Rapid urbanization, rising growth of cities, ever-increasing accumulation of population in urban areas caused by migration, and finally converting the rural centers to urban detached places, and attaching a city to another one have unbalanced population and planning’s spatial equilibrium, social damages and extended physical changes. These changes need managerial and physical- spatial transformations. Managing the boundaries of metropolises due to various economical, political, social and environmental reasons is a challenging problem among the connections of governmental levels. As well, Tehran metropolis has encountered a lot of problems in relation to development around its borders. This management is functionally and geographically a dispersed one. Therefore, applying urban integrated management system in these areas is an imperative need. The statistical population includes citizens and Experts (managers and officials) of the city of Quds. According to Cochran's formula, this number is equal to 384 for citizens and for Experts are designated equal to 226 people. In this paper the research data has been analyzed by SPSS software and the hypothesis has been analyzed by one-variable T-test. The results show that urban integrated management at Qods city as a peripheral town of Tehran metropolis is inappropriate and unacceptable. Only establishing this kind of management can bring about physical and servicing development and public satisfaction. In this relation, Joining Qods city to Tehran metropolis is very effective from the view of managerial and physical- spatial improvement. The city’s experts and residents are agreed with Tehran- Qods combination and believe that this act lead to political, economical, cultural and social transformations and bring about more budgets for Qods city.

The research is done to study the influence of information and communication technology on psychological empowerment of farmers in rural areas. This research is practical in its target and descriptive-analytical in nature. The statistical society of rural farmers is the central district of koohdasht city that 27 villages and 380 people were selected as samples between them. To collect data library and field methods were used. In order to analyze the subject, a framework of eight indicators of information and communication technology and psychological empowerment in the form of 59 items were selected. The results of research findings indicate that there is a positive and significant relationship between information and communication technology and psychological empowerment. Also the results of multivariate regression showed that the components of information and communication technology explain 0/491 of the changes in psychological empowerment. Also, based on the results of single-sample t test we can say the indicators of psychological empowerment are at the desirable level.

Abstract The physical collapse of city peripheral villages for physical undirected growth faced these villages with numerous challenges in economic and social fields. Therefore, conducting local projects in the country such as Hadi Projects is essential to reform the existing conditions and physical development of these villages. This study aimed to assess the practical impact of physical development projects on the Marivan peripheral villages by means of a descriptive - analytical method and data collection through library studies and field surveys based on stratified random distribution questionnaire among 250 households of the villages and 13 regional's rural development experts. Seeking to identify the current status of the villages, and solutions for their optimal physical development. Determining the sample size using the Cochran formula from among 1122 households in the sample villages and determining the share of each village from the total number of questionnaires by stratified method. The analysis of collected data by using descriptive, average index(One sample chi do and T inferential statistics) and weighting of Indices with Delphi method in EXPERT CHOICE software And prioritize them with the VIKOR technique show the Hadi projects have resulted in the physical development of villages, According to the average calculated sum of 3.50, the satisfactory level causes the physical development of the studied villages. In this case, the quality dimension of the passages with the average calculated 3.62 has the highest improvement of the condition of conducting the designsand Ney village has had the highest level of influence and physical development.

Despie declining rural populations, about 47% of the world's population still lives in rural areas. The villages that are generally in conditions of poverty and undevelopment. At the same time, villages have capabilities in various aspects that can play a key role in achieving national development. On the other hand, development ideas have shifted from the technology revolution and especially in the last decade to new and smart technologies And other traditional models will not be responsible for sustainable rural development. In fact, new conditions were created for the villages based on technology, which is called the smart village. In this research, which of applied-fundamental type and its method is descriptive-analytical and based on survey, An attempt was made to write the indicators of the smart village with library studies and to be feasible in a field method. The statistical population includes the residents of Avargan village and their number was 2041 people. Using Cochran formul and modifying it, 280 samples randomly questioned. The results showed that the most important indicators of smart village are such as agriculture, industry, services, education, health… . Also the results of the application of t-test showed the best conditions in the development of smart village are the "economic" dimension and the worst conditions are the "institutional" dimension. In the economic dimension, "services" (with an average of 3.48) and in the" institutional", "planning" (with an average of 2.11) have the best and worst conditions, respectively.